How Are The Hock And The Knee Of Quadruped Animals Similar

Terminology [edit | edit source]

Many veterinary anatomical terms are similar to those used in human anatomy, but there are some important terms to know if you are working with animals.

Animals stand on all fours: ^[1]

Inductive in humans = cranial in animals
Posterior in humans = caudal in animals
Ventral in humans – towards the front (palm), ventral in animals = directed towards the ground
Dorsal in humans - towards the back, dorsal in animals = directed towards the spine

For instance the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs is the same equally the "anterior" cruciate ligament (ACL) in humans. The caudal cruciate ligament in dogs is the aforementioned equally the "posterior" cruciate ligament (PCL) in humans

Animals are quadripedal – i.e. their vertebral column is parallel to the footing:^[i]

Head is cranial
Tail is caudal
Inside the head, rostral refers to structures closer to the nose

Terminology relevant to the limbs: ^[i]

Proximal - the parts of the limbs that are nearest to the body
Distal - the office of a structure that is furthest away from the master mass of tissue
Forepart limb - the thoracic or pectoral limb
Hind limb - the pelvic limb

Terminology referring to the thoracic or forelimb: ^[1]

Dorsal – cranial face of the distal part of the forelimb or dorsum of the manus (i.e. the section from the carpus down)
Palmar (volar) - opposite to the dorsal surface
Radial – the part of the forearm where the radius is located (medial)
Ulnar – the office of the forearm in which the ulna is located (lateral)
Brachium – specifically the region from the shoulder to the elbow
Axilla – the space between thoracic limb and the thoracic wall

Terminology referring to the pelvic or hind limb: ^[i]

Dorsal – inductive face of the distal part of the pelvic limb or dorsum of pes
Plantar – opposite of the dorsal surface
Crus – the section of the hindlimb between the knee and the tarsus
Human foot – the section of the hindlimb from the tarsus downwardly
Tibial – the side of the leg where the tibia is located (medial)
Fibular – the side of the leg where the fibula is located (lateral)

This short video volition describe more:

Terminology to indicate relative distance from the centre of the limb: ^[1]

Axis – the eye line of the body or any part of it
Centric and abaxial refers to, or beingness relative to the axis (eastward.g. the axial surface of a digit faces the axis while the abaxial surface faces away from the centrality)

Terminology to indicate the relative distance from the surface of the body: ^[1]

Superficial – relatively nigh to the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ
Deep – relatively near to the center of the torso or the centre of a solid organ
External or outer – away from the centre of a hollow organ
Internal or inner – close to or in the direction of the middle of a hollow organ

Terminology to draw the basic motility of the parts of the body: ^[i]

Protraction – limb forrard
Retraction – limb backwards
Extension – angle increased
Flexion –angle reduced

Boosted Resource [edit | edit source]

References [edit | edit source]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.ane ^1.two ^1.3 ^1.iv ^1.5 ^1.6 ^one.7 Prydie D, Hewitt I editors.Practical Physiotherapy for Small Animal Practice. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015.
↑ atdove.org. Directional Terms in Veterinary Medicine. 2017. Available from: https://youtu.be/nKYmpzmiwzI
↑ Rod Allrich. Directional Terms Used in Beast Anatomy. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8pCS4rdm38 [last accessed 4/1/20201]